MARTIN SCHOONBROODT

Probiotic Group, Co-Founder and CCO

The importance of advanced cleaning methods and hygiene in modern society cannot be overstated. They play a crucial role in safeguarding public health, enhancing economic productivity, and ensuring food safety (1). Thus, continuous improvement and innovation in this field are essential to address emerging health threats and maintain a high standard of living. According to the United Nations, by 2050, two out of every three people will reside in urban areas, which will place additional stress on the environment and increase interactions among diverse biomes. Consequently, the use of harsh chemicals, which negatively impact both human health and the environment, is not a sustainable solution (2)(3).

To assess this future problem, the industry extensively worked on novel solutions in the past years. In this context, as one of the most promising, microbial-cleaners, also called probiotic-based solutions, has been present for some time (4)(5). Despite being eco-friendly, inspired by nature, and economically accessible, their market share remains minimal, constituting less than 1% in the home and personal care segments.  From a manufacturers and fast-moving consumer goods (FMCGs) companies’ perspective, they offer multiple benefits such as lower ecological footprint, improved health, and safety as well as superior efficiency and longevity. These products are generally formulated to minimize harmful impacts, leading the way in the green revolution (4).

MBCPs recently gained significant attention when the renowned Robert Koch Institute, after years of extensive research, introduced them in their latest cleaning guidelines as a promising alternative for hospital cleaning to decrease nosocomial infections. Some of these approaches even go as far as incorporating beneficial bacteria directly at the building’s inception (6).

The number of potential applications is large, as outlined for some examples in Table 1. Each provides different benefits and user claims rounding up multiple uses:

Currently much discussed among the experts is the line between cleaning and biocide which is considered as very thin and occasionally unclear. Thus, this aspect demands careful consideration of regulatory aspects. Regulatory agencies are working together with the industry to cope with the innovation and adapt the regulations accordingly.

The current update of the European Detergent Regulation, which is yet to be voted on, considers microorganisms in its latest revision. To ensure consumer safety and remove health concerns, the European Commission proposes a mandatory risk assessment for all microbial-cleaning products, though the specific methodology has not yet been confirmed (7). Regulatory action from the EU typically signals significant industry developments.

Microbial cleaners differ fundamentally from traditionally used chemical cleaners and other bio-based innovations such as enzymes and biosurfactants. While enzymes and biosurfactants are single-function agents targeting specific types of dirt and grime, microbial cleaners employ live microorganisms that continuously produce enzymes or other metabolites, maintaining prolonged efficiency. They adapt the release of molecules depending on the situation at hand and environmental conditions (4)(5).

To date, MBCPs have reached the necessary technical maturity in terms of stability, viability, efficiency, price, and versatility of applications. From this perspective, MBCPs are poised for consumer acceptance. However, what barriers remain to their global adoption and recognition is not yet clear. Thus, addressing consumer misconceptions and demonstrating the effectiveness of MBCPs through comprehensive education is critical to overcoming these barriers and achieving widespread adoption (4)(8).

From this standpoint, they are ready for consumer’s delight. What is holding them back from reaching worldwide stardom? 

The intricate mechanism of action and microscopical efficiency of probiotics in MBCPs is not perceivable, per se, by the consumer. While benefits are present, they are often hard to make tangible to the impatient user. This is, in the first place because probiotics from MBCPs are only microscopically visible, and thus act as highly efficient micro-factories. These micro-factories act at the microscopical level by employing specific mechanisms and releasing various metabolites that degrade surrounding compounds that represent the source of nutrients and their energy (9)(10).

These microscopic actions are at the root of all the benefits microbial-clean(s)ing products offer, providing active and lasting activities what transforms probiotics from a technology to a product’s feature.

In this context, microbial cleaning products features focus on essential aspects:

Lasting micro-cleaning effect
With their continuous microbial action, probiotics from MBCPs remain active on surfaces long after application, producing specific enzymes in the presence of organic matter and other dirt, persistently breaking down this matter, and preventing further reformation of dirt and grime. This sustained activity ensures that surfaces stay cleaner for extended periods, reducing the frequency of cleaning required (9)(10).

Odor management
Through advanced odor management capabilities that target and break down odor-causing organic matter at the source, MBCPs can provide efficient odor management (9). This aspect was well examined in PBGL on the cellulose sponges that have been enriched with malodor-producing bacteria, commonly found in the kitchen setup, simulating real-life conditions (Fig. 1). The results clearly showed that odor remover containing probiotics decreased the intensity of malodor and shifted odor profile to a more pleasant note, when compared to the controls. Unlike traditional cleaners that mask smells with fragrances, these microbes, by producing various metabolites, degrade organic residues, converting them into harmless byproducts. This natural process not only eliminates existing odors but also prevents their recurrence, ensuring a long-lasting, fresh environment. Formulating with selected ingredients makes these products safe for both users and the ecosystem.

Deep cleaning
In addition, probiotics from MBCPs excel at deep cleaning by penetrating porous surfaces and hard-to-reach areas where organic matter, grime, and other dirt accumulate. Microorganisms activate mechanisms to break down and digest these persistent contaminants at a microscopic level, ensuring a thorough and comprehensive cleansing (5)(10). Unlike conventional cleaners that may only address surface-level dirt, MBCPs not only enhance the overall cleanliness and appearance but also contribute to a healthier environment by eliminating hidden sources of nutrients and odors.

Healthier environment
Nowadays, the appearance of imbalances, dysbiosis, and unbalanced home microbiome in favor of germs which can cause health issues for its residents is a rising issue (11)(12). Thus, owing to these attributes, MBCPs can promote a healthy microbial balance and prevent germs by occupying surface and using the organic matter, grime, and other dirt, as their source of nutrients (13). In addition, this microbial action of MBCPs can also reduce allergens, creating a healthier living environment. Indeed, some MBCPs available on the market combine these features in a specific product, making them a truly versatile and efficient combination.

Comparing the reduction of different allergens using microbial-based products versus a control over a period of 1 hour, indicate the potential and effects of these types of products to improve air quality with common allergens related to dogs, cats, mites and birch. See table 2.
The analysis has been performed by an independent laboratory by use of polyclonal immunoassay (ELISA). Squares of textile were analyzed after facing 1 hour treatment via diffusor.

Life Cycle Assessment
Biomass of microorganisms (feedstock) offers significant environmental and health benefits over petrochemical compounds, particularly in terms of renewability, biodegradability, and lower overall environmental impact (14). Typically, they have a smaller carbon footprint and lower toxicity. However, petrochemical compounds maintain advantages in cost, instant-cleaning performance, and scalability due to established production infrastructure. As sustainability becomes increasingly important, the shift towards biomasses of microorganisms in detergent production is expected to grow, driven by fundamental advancements in biotechnology and increasing consumer demand for greener products.

Challenges and limitations

Safety of the consumer
Despite providing many positives for the users and the environment, MBCPs face challenges that deter people from switching to these alternatives. At first instance, these are lack of knowledge, coupled with fear of germs and bacteria which are often associated with disease and contamination. A common myth is that all bacteria are harmful and that using microbial cleaners could introduce pathogens into the home. 
Thus, safety appears in this context as a major concern. This topic is at the core of the new and upcoming detergent regulation under negotiations at the European level. According to the latest draft, microorganisms used in MBCPs will need to undergo strict testing to ensure their safety via careful genome analysis and risk assessment. Addressing these misconceptions through education and demonstrating the safety and efficacy of MBCPs are essential for overcoming these barriers and achieving broader adoption.

The situations where traditional cleaners may still be necessary
 Despite their advantages, there are scenarios where traditional cleaners may still be necessary. For instance, in environments requiring rapid disinfection, such as hospitals or food processing facilities, chemical disinfectants might be preferred for their immediate action against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Additionally, microbial cleaners might not be as effective against non-organic substances like heavy metals or certain synthetic chemicals, necessitating the use of traditional conventional cleaners in such cases (8). 

Conclusion: The future of sustainable cleaning
Addressing numerous aforementioned challenges will require education, trustworthy marketing, and demonstrated effectiveness through solid R&D-generated data. Overcoming these obstacles is essential for alleviating consumer fears and increasing adoption rates.

We are all aware that the future, as we dream of, is at risk. Thus, sustainable cleaning must play its part in the numerous challenges we face. It is evident that MBCPs represent a significant advancement in the quest for sustainable and effective cleaning solutions. Their unique features make them a compelling choice for consumers and businesses alike while their intrinsic mode of action makes them a compelling evolution to products we are used to.

As their maturity and market access improve, addressing concerns and educating the public about their advantages will be crucial. Consumers can achieve superior cleaning outcomes while contributing to a healthier planet by incorporating MBCPs into their cleaning schedule.
Using live microorganisms in a formulation is an innovative way to increase a product’s attractiveness on multiple criteria at once. With continuous research, development, and consumer adoption, microbial cleaners are expected to become a mainstream choice, redefining our approach to cleaning and hygiene, sooner than many think.

“We gratefully acknowledge Paul Mauhin for his invaluable support and contributions to our team in the writing of this article.” – Martin Schoonbroodt, Co-Founder and CCO.